Physical examination Superficial nonanatomic tenderness
Dec 02

A couple of extra things, if you do an active straight leg raising maneuver, that’s just having the patient do a leg lift, hold up both legs at the same time, then do it for 20 seconds, you have ruled out intrathecal pathology because what you’ve done, is you have the patient val salva, you are increasing subarachnoid CSF volume and if the aqua duct is open, no problem, so you have ruled out a tumor. Again, if somebody has back pain with that maneuver, you have reversed the lordosis and you’ve loaded the disc, so that will also give you a clue as to the origin of the back pain.
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Any discussion of physical examination, no matter how brief, would be incomplete without mentioning the nonorganic signs of Waddell. Gordon Waddell who is a Scottish surgeon, described these many years ago and has looked at ways that some of these signs correlate with different aberrations on various psychometric instruments and the way they relate to prognosis. These are thought to be signs of functional or nonorganic or nonorganic pathology. Before we go any further, there is a very important distinction to be made, and that is the distinction between the somatic or hysterical patient, the malingerer. The somatic patient is someone to whom their pain is real. It may not be organically based, but it’s actual, acute distress with pain behavior. The malingerer on the other hand, is someone who is out to consciously defraud the system, and those two people obviously have to be approached very differently, that distinction can be very, very difficult to make, but in fact, in the 12 years I have been doing this, I think I have seen at most really one malinger, so I think that it is fairly uncommon and I would certainly be very, very circumspect before signing that label to any individual. Anyway, what are these nonorganic signs?
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