Feb 13

We are going to move on to MMR vaccine. The first part of the M is measles vaccine. And measles vaccine is a live virus vaccine and you may get this live, attenuated, weakened form of the measles virus. It may multiply within the host and actually produce an attenuated case of measles, which you can see a week to 12 days after immunization, with a low grade fever and a mild rash. Seroconversion depends upon the age at which MMR vaccine is given. If you give it at a year of age you have excellent immunogenicity. Giving MMR vaccine at six months of age, you can see the seroconversion is only 50%. That’s because many children at six months of age will still have their passively acquired maternal measles antibody, if the mother is immune to measles and therefore this will interfere with vaccine take. It will inactivate the live vaccine so it won’t multiply and you won’t get a good immune response.
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For measles vaccine, the precautions and contraindications are shown on this slide. Pregnancy; it’s a live vaccine, so theoretical concerns. Gelatin or a mycin allergy, this will be an anaphylactic allergy. That’s in the vaccine. Thrombocytopenia; measles-containing vaccine may cause a lowering of the platelet count, so in a patient with thrombocytopenia you could think about whether it’s worthwhile to vaccinate them against measles or not. Recent immune globulin will interfere with vaccine take. In general, immunocompromised subjects should not get MMR vaccine or measles-containing vaccine. And that’s because it may multiply more than you would want it to. However, HIV infected subjects may be give measles-containing vaccine, unless they are severely immunocompromised. Egg allergy; this is relatively new, over the past few years. Egg allergy in the past had been considered a contraindication of vaccination. No longer, as there is such a small amount of egg protein in the vaccine. Then the issue of the PPD. PPD may be performed on the day of vaccination or one month later. If you do it in between those times, the PPD may not be reliable.
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The recommendations for measles vaccine; two doses after the first birthday separated by at least a month, so the general routine is to give the first dose at 12-15 months of age, the second dose, 4-6 years of age. And in an outbreak situation you can give an additional dose at six months of age but this doesn’t count for those two doses after a year of age because, again, the vaccine take is unreliable. This graph from the CDC just shows how successful we’ve been with vaccinating against measles. A marked decline and then here we had a little bit of outbreak of measles and this is where the second dose recommendation came in. It has really been very successful at controlling measles in this country.
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Now we are going to move on to the second M in MMR, mumps vaccine. This is a slide from the CDC showing a child with parotid gland swelling due to mumps. Mumps does cause salivary gland swelling and also may cause complications – mostly in older individuals – may cause pancreatitis, meningitis, hearing loss as well as orchitis. Mumps vaccine is also a live virus vaccine. Reactions to mumps vaccine are rare. The precautions and complications are similar to what you’ve already heard for measles vaccine; pregnancy, immunocompromised, recent immune globulin will interfere with vaccine take, and the seroconversion is excellent with mumps vaccine. This graph from the CDC also illustrates a marked decline in mumps in this country with routine vaccine. So this has been quite successful.