There are five basic food groups, vegetables, fruits, grains, dairy products and the protein groups. What is an RDA? It won’t be uncalled for to see a question where they define it and you have to pick out the answer. “Levels for intakes for the central nutrients that, on the basis of scientific knowledge, are judged by the Food and Nutrition Board to be adequate to meet the known nutrition needs of practically all healthy persons.” It’s pretty vague, isn’t it? What’s an essential nutrient? Cheap generic medications at online canadian pharmacy: generic viagra, cialis, kamagra etc. That’s something that’s got to be provided exogenously usually from your diet because our bodies cannot synthesize it at a sufficient rate to meet the needs of our body. There are some things that we can make but we can’t make enough of and we need to get them from our foods in order to avoid having a deficiency.
What are the eight major categories of nutrients? All of these are considered nutrients, so there are eight that our body needs that are really essential. You can’t have a normally functioning body without all of them. Be aware that when we are born we are mostly water. But when we are young adults we become more and more fat. And when we are elderly, you are 70% fat. Total body water is affected, of course, by our age, our sex, our body composition and the total body water decreases with age and changes in body fat. All pretty obvious. The consequences of providing adequate amounts of nutrients without adequate amounts of fluid, dehydration, excessive renal solid load and an inefficient use and waste of calories. What are our daily maintenance fluid requirements for infants and children? Again, it’s not uncommon to ask really simple things about how much water infants or children at different ages might require per day. Again, you should be able to figure that out. There often are questions like, 10 kg infants should be given so much fluid per day and they’ll list a number, various numbers, and you’ll have to figure out what the water requirements are. Seems sort of simple but surprisingly some people don’t know it. Reasons why infants are more susceptible to dehydration? Large body surface area, obviously because they have a higher body content of water and they require more. And again because the kidneys have limited capacity to handle a solid load, it takes more water to basically excrete the solid load. Again, why the infants are more likely get dehydrated? Well because they can’t tell us they are thirsty. I guess they can cry and that’s an indication to us that they are hungry or that they are thirsty, but until a youngster can really vocalize we don’t often know. But that’s not too common. We also want to show you that oxidation of food stuffs produces water as an end product. It’s interesting that from fat you get more grams of water than you start with, but with carbohydrates you get less and from protein.
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Breast milk or infant formulas provide the majority of fluid requirements. Human milk, 89% of it is water. Oxidation of ingested milk results in approximately 90% of volume available as free water so you often have pediatricians and family wanting to give their children additional water. Well, if there’s a question about their nutrition, if they are certainly borderline, you either let them take more breast milk or more formula because again most of it is water anyway and when the nutrients get metabolized it forms even more water. Energy is provided by food, it is chemical energy obtained after digestion. I don’t know if you remember this, but the unit of measuring energy is joule or the calorie in what a joule is equal to, and the difference between a kilo calorie and the little calorie. It’s the amount of heat energy to raise 1 kg of water 1 degree centigrade. That’s a kilo calorie.
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